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Think Like a Scientist: Yukon Fossil Rush | HHMI BioInteractive Video - Duration: 7:55.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

GRANT ZAZULA: Mummified remains of Ice Age animals

are incredibly rare in the Yukon.

There was something found while the mineworkers was using

one of these water cannon's hydraulic monitors

and was washing away the mud and hit

from what seemed to be some frozen carcass of a beast,

some Ice Age animal.

TONY BEETS: So I mean, the other day, I

came in the cut and first thing I spotted was a mastodon tusk

and I found a buffalo horn.

I mean, Mike is on the bulldozers,

he hadn't spotted them yet.

And then I looked at that and then I looked across the cut

and I thought, well s***, there's

no leather jackets in permafrost,

so I scoot over there-- yeah, sure as s***, there she was.

GRANT ZAZULA: You can go back to really the early days

of the gold rush.

So 1896, the major gold deposits were

discovered in the Klondike--

spurred on this like global gold rush.

As soon as those gold miners started digging

through that frozen ground, they were shafting tunnels

from above and they started finding the remains of Ice Age

animals-- so bones of woolly mammoths and bison and horses.

And one of the things that always

strikes me is seeing these awesome black and white

photographs of gold miners, and they look like they're

just exhausted, because they've been mining underground

all winter and then they're standing there

with their woolly mammoth tusk.

TONY BEETS: Well, how the way the way I got into mining

is that when we came to Canada 35 years ago, you know,

we started out on the farm.

And they-- it didn't take very long you hear people talking,

oh, people in the north, they make 1,000 bucks a week.

I thought, well s***--

milking cows, 1,000 bucks a month;

up north, 1,000 bucks a week-- if people

get that, I'll get some too.

Took an instant liking to it and basically never left.

For the summers in the Yukon, yeah, that was it for me.

So I kind of found my place, you know?

I so I'm kind of, yeah--

here.

We have a lot of permafrost, and we mine a lot of the pups,

and then in the pups--

like in the draws--

we do find a lot of bones and a lot of crap.

GRANT ZAZULA: The site that Tony mines at on Paradise Hill

has always been really important to us,

because it's one of the few sites in the Klondike

that we know that has middle Pleistocene sediment, so it's

very old.

We know of him because he's got this incredible boisterous

personality.

But he's also one of our--

kind of our biggest supporters out there too.

ELIZABETH HALL: There is part of this--

I think it's right somewhere in here.

SUSAN HEWITSON: This is all right here.

No, it's not going to fit.

That's why I wondered if we want a blanket.

To lie it in a blanket.

You've got--

ELIZABETH HALL: Here.

Here.

SUSAN HEWITSON: Let's see how this is going to go.

OK, stay together, honey.

Oh, wow.

That's just cool!

GRANT ZAZULA: It turned out to be, after close inspection,

it's a mummified carcass or partial carcass of an Ice Age

caribou calf.

So it's a baby caribou, and from the base--

like the torso, the front limbs, the head

are all preserved-- the skin and hair

and you can see the little antler buds.

And the first thing I wanted to do

is to get out of the Paradise Hill locality

and there was a good chance we could find something

like a volcanic ash bed that would

help us be able to determine how old this animal is.

SUSAN HEWITSON: I wonder when he actually gets

that monitor going, if he's like blasting it at this,

this like--

GRANT ZAZULA: Oh-- you got it?

SUSAN HEWITSON: That was it.

GRANT ZAZULA: Just a little wisp?

SUSAN HEWITSON: Yeah.

ELIZABETH HALL: Will you pass me that?

GRANT ZAZULA: Nice!

This is gold here.

Lo and behold, we found a volcanic ash bed,

right where the carcass had emerged from the ground.

So this is everything, you know?

To find a carcass is one thing, but to be

able to put it in geological context

is huge-- that's the massive part of the story.

When we learned that it was 80,000 years old,

it was definitely really exciting,

because most Pleistocene mummified carcasses

are actually quite young.

They're usually 25,000 or 30,000 to 35,000 years old.

But around 80,000 years ago was a real period of transition.

We had a lot of really strange animals

that aren't the typical Ice Age animals.

Short-faced bears were there, we had probably a few mastodons,

a few ground sloths, maybe a few woolly mammoths, maybe a couple

lions or scimitar cats.

Earth's climate started to cool substantially,

and by about 80,000 years ago, it's

sort of a transition between really warm conditions

and entering into a new glaciation.

To have a confident age assignment because

of the volcanic ash really makes this caribou specimen

very unique.

So it could be the oldest mummified Ice Age

carcass in the world.

TONY BEETS: For the paleontologists,

it would be a lot harder to come across that stuff

if it wasn't for us monitoring.

And when we really find a good species is

it's not when we use all the big equipment,

it is when we really use the water cannons and the water

to do the work for us, that's when a lot of that stuff

gets saved.

We have to move the dirt anyway.

If something shows up, yeah, work together.

I think so.

GRANT ZAZULA: If there was no gold mining or if gold miners

stopped caring about paleontology

and paleontologists stopped caring about gold miners,

a lot of scientists, a lot of labs around the world

would have to go elsewhere to try to do some of this work.

There's people from all continents that

are working on Yukon specimens and doing

different types of analyzes and none of them

have been to the Yukon or have met a gold miner

or driven a gravel road and got stuck in the muck.

But those are the parts of the piece that make that happen,

and I love being a part of that.

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