The previous video was mainly dealing with
the subjects presented in Chapter one of
the Parsons book now that we move to
chapter two some of you might be tempted
to skip over this chapter because it
talks about political philosophy it
talks about a little bit of what is the
history of political science over time
and you might ask yourselves why do we
have to to deal with this stuff? This is
not a class in in the history of
politics! Kkay well I think it's very
important because the main philosophers
and thinkers that are presented in this
chapter are all very important to the
way that we see political science now
and because in particular it's great to
see how the discipline has evolved over
time and what kind of question people
were asking that were alive before us
Okay so first of all at the very
beginning Greek thinkers like Plato and
Aristotle we're thinking more about how
politics should be than how politics is
in real life
okay so Plato was thinking that if
philosophers were the kings of our
society
if thinkers were the kings of our
society they would be the best suited
ones okay we would take private property
away from them they would just be
servants of the state and they would do
the best job okay? Many people today
still think that that would be the case,
if we had a government by the wise or
government by scientists that we would
be best off okay? That's an idea that is
completely different from our modern
idea of representative democracy.
Aristotle on the other side was much
closer to the way that we think about
politics today because he was thinking
about many different forms of government.
So he talks about a monarchy he talks
about the tyranny were the mo.. when the
monarch behaves like an absolute monarch,
or like a dictator. He was thinking about
a form of representative democracy when
the interest of all the people are
represented and then he was also
thinking of a form of democracy that is
more close to a plebiscite and where the
mass is just governed in a way that
destroys the minority
okay? which we'll see that Tocqueville took
from okay? Alexis de Tocqueville the
French philosopher and thinker that came
to America.
So other than Plato and Aristotle who do
we need to remember we need to remember
that there were thinkers not just in
Western Europe not just in Greece but
also in China like Confucius or in India
like Kautliya who looked more at how
politics was like in reality okay?
Confucius in particular thought that the
emperor was ruling by divine right, but
at the same time that if the people
thought that the Emperor was behaving
like a tyrant well then he had lost his
divine right to govern okay? And they
could take him down
same thing Kautliya: he was the first
to say "look at how politics is in
reality don't just think about the
perfect form of government on paper" OK?
and he was the first to understand how
paper how power worked okay Niccolò
Machiavelli was the first medieval
thinker that we remember in the history
of philosophy okay? He was an Italian he
was a Florentine in Florence and he's
remembered for being a real pessimist
because he's the one who thought of a
very cut-throat model of politics where
people just intrigue against each other
and try to kill each other and so his
advice for a prince, for a ruler, for
mayor president today was kill other
people before they kill you or something
or something of that kind okay? So he's
remembered today for being very
pessimistic, but he's very important
because he can be considered the founder
together with Hobbes who followed him of
international relations, so of relations
between different states, between
different countries as a different realm
from just the politics of everyday the
politics of a town, the politics of a
city and so on and so forth. Why is the
city important in all of this okay The
city is very important because, until the
creation of modern
States which is more or less in the
1800s, cities were the way
that people experience politics the most
and they were the closest to our modern
ideal of democracy because larger
units such as empires like the Roman
Empire or the Habsburg Empire were
normally ruled in a very fragmented way
or in a very unitary way with an iron
fist, by some strong ruler and a strong
king or Emperor. On the other side cities
tended to be ruled on a more egalitarian
basis also because inside the city there
tended to be less inequality okay?
Inequality always gets in the way of
true power of (sorry) of true democracy of
true egalitarian politics okay? okay so
once we leave we leave Machiavelli behind we
can think of a series of authors of
thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke
that were looking at how monarchy
worked in reality and we're saying: well
we have a problem "what do we do without
a monarch???" Hobbes asked himself and he
answered "well without a monarch there is
nobody guaranteeing that we're safe".
Someone can come, can come kill us
during the night, because there's no law
there's no police, there's no nothing and
so he was the first one who'd say well
basically we have a social contract with
the king just like we have a social
contract with our president or with our
mayor now, which basically says we accept
to be ruled by someone! We accept to have
a dominant political order above us in
exchange for being safe in exchange for
some services okay? And over time these
services will expand more and more
services, there are many things that we
ask the state to do now not only for
example fixing a hole in a road, but also
up to a point
education, healthcare, you all go to a
public university so you know what I'm
talking about okay? John Locke on the
other side followed Hobbes and took the
opposite conclusions he said yes we need
a state, but the state has to do very
little for us
because otherwise it violates our
personal freedom okay? so Locke in a way
he was an early libertarian, he was
saying the state has to be as small as
possible so that our personal liberties
our personal freedoms are not violated
okay? The other famous thinker that
followed Locke was Jean Jacques Rousseau
there is a lot on Rousseau in the book.
What do we have to remember about
Rousseau? We have to remember the fact
that Rousseau thought that humanity was
inherently good and he's the first one
to put an accent on inequality okay?
So he is one of the fathers of the
modern left okay? We is one of the
fathers of what would eventually become
socialism and American liberalism okay? he
says we need a government that follows
the will of the people okay?
Government and state have been created
by the rich to defend their own
interests, and they have not created to
do the interests of the poor and so the
poor have to take some power back we
need to fix the problem of inequality
Okay the table at the bottom of page 36
is actually useful to remember the main
concepts by Hobbes Locke and Rousseau. So
I think that you should take a look at
it, oh and by the way, just as a reminder,
you will have to use one of these
authors, and/or the authors that I'm gonna
talk about in just a second in your
first paper okay
so by the end of week 2 you're gonna
have to incorporate the ideas of one of
these thinkers okay? So that's why you
need to understand what the different
thinkers were like so that then you can
apply them and in particular what you
have to understand is the modernity of
these thinkers okay the way that they
use their own... that our own ideas are
used today and have influenced the way
that we perceive different ideologies
today okay?
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