Indian Ocean Trade was very important to the emergence of trans-regional networks of communication
and exchange in South West Asia especially for the Gupta empire.
As the classical empires formed and developed, the volume of trade increased dramatically.
The Gupta were one of the centers of production and huge markets for goods.
The laws and legal systems of the Gupta empire (as well as other empires involved in trans-regional
trading) provided security for merchants which encouraged them to take more risks.
Maritime trade not only linked together large classical societies of Eurasia and North Africa,
but also smaller societies in east Africa.
Although the decline of the Mauryan empire brought about India lacking a strong imperial
state, the Kushan empire and other regional states provided stability and security, specifically
in northern India, of which favored long-distance trade.
As the classical empires expanded, merchants and travelers created an extensive network
of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa.
These trade routes were known as the silk roads and they linked land all the way from
China to the Roman Empire.
Sea lanes linking southeast Asian to Modern Sri Lanka and India were especially busy during
classical times.
South West Asia exported many products such as pepper, sesame oil, other various spices,
cotton textiles, dye, pearls, coral.
And ivory.
They imported products such as silk and various spices from South East Asia.
During classical times, some individuals made very long journeys such as several Indian
embassies who called on Roman emperors, Roman merchants who traveled by sea as far east
as Southern India, and Malay merchants who sailed from islands of southeast Asia to India.
Cotton was native to South Asia and has a long history of cultivation in India.
As trans-regional networks of exchange expanded, cotton spread from India into the Middle East.
When monsoon season in the Indian Ocean came about, it brought with it predictable wind
patterns which eventually reversed six months later.
Merchants has to keep these monsoon wind cycles in mind when timing their departures to trade
their goods.
New technologies such as the Dhow helped them adapt more efficiently to the dynamics of
this trade route in the Indian Ocean.
Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural
beliefs, domesticated animals, food crops, and disease pathogens developed across far-flung
networks of communication and exchange.
Trade was most active along the Ganges River. Some trade routes through the Ganges delta went east to Burma and down the coast to the South.
spread via the silk road.
A branch of Hinduism called Bhakti emerged in southern India and spread to the North.
This form of Hinduism was intensely passionate and stressed intense emotion towards specific
gods.
And although Hinduism was considered a non-missionary religion, certain sects of Hindus actively
spread this religion.
Through missionaries and merchants, the Bhakti faith made its way through Southeast Asia
and spread alongside Buddhism.
Here, these two religions blended to the extent of which some believers didn't distinguish
them at all.
Buddhism began North of India in Nepal and was very limited in acceptance.
An easier form of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism became identifies with the silk road
more than any other belief system.
Monasteries and the routes between them formed the network through which goods traveled.
Its close connection to trade made it look very appealing to merchants who believed buying
and selling goods was there dharma.
Converting to Buddhism allowed for them to benefit from its close relation with trade
routes and allowed them to better carry out their dharma.
These monks, missionaries, and monasteries spread throughout the trade routes were sponsored
and commissioned by Ashoka during his rule after he converted to Buddhism.
Ashoka also contributed to trade by building roads.
The decline of the Mauryan empire brought about instability with India's lack of a
strong imperial state, but the Kushan empire and other regional states provided stability
and security (specifically in Northern India), which favored long distance trade.
So, the Kushans facilitated trade between India and lands to the North.
The Kushans played a crucial role in the silk road network by creating peace in the large
region between Persia and China, making it safer for merchants to travel long distances
without being attacked.
The amount of long-distance trade grew as the imperial states provided a political foundation
which enabled merchants to deal with other merchants in foreign regions.
Direct political and military links with foreign people drew India into long distance commercial
trade with them.
Persian administrators in India helped facilitate commerce between them as well as the construction
of roads between the two regions.
Alexander of Macedon's conquests also helped facilitate trade between these two lands and
establish even more extensive trade networks by forging links between India and the Mediterranean
Basin through Bactria, Persia, and Anatolia.
India merchants also traveled to the islands of Indonesia and facilitated trade there.
Archaeologists working in southern India have found Roman coins that testify the large volume
of trade between classical India and Mediterranean lands.
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