we will answer question number one
that is
Describe the most important features of Mesoamerican cultures before the conquest. Mention your periods, important cultures, places and their cultural and scientific characteristics
I will talk about about the Olmecs
The Olmecs were discovered in a series of archaeological headed by Mathew Sterling in the 1930
the Omlecs made giant heads out of rock many years ago
the Omlecas lived off the coast near the Gulf of Mexico
they contained many plantains and many rivers
The Olmec population was calculated by Ignacio Bernal and was around 350 million people
many experts believed that the Olmec's were the first great civilization of Mesoamerica
and also evidence has been found that the had a form of writing much like hieroglyphics that represented insects and vegetables
it is true that the hieroglyphics form a system of writing that gave them much superiority
the Olmec's are famous for the giant heads they created that show signs of an ethnic type of person
they had round heads and big thick lips which is different from many other cultures
When the Aztecs saw an Eagle perched on a cactus eating a serpent
near the west side of Lake Texcoco
they took it as a sign to build their kingdom there
the capital was called Tenochtitlan built over the Lake Texcoco in 1325
the Aztecs were viewed as noble savages
that regularly practiced human sacrifices for their gods Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli
the Aztecs would capture people from the surrounding tribes for the sacrifices
when a new king would take the throne it would be followed by the sacrifices of millions of people in the main temple of Tenochtitlan
these kidnappings were called the Flower Wars
Quetzalcoatl was a feathered serpent that was said to one day return and rule over the kingdom
Huitzilopochtli was the god of the sun and war
Montezuma II was the emperor from 1502 till 1520
he governed like an absolute monarch
when Hernan Cortez arrived in Tenochtitlan Montezuma believed that he was Quetzalcoatl who had returned to govern them but that only lead to their conquest by the Spanish
a little more about the Aztecs
the Aztecs were in Mesoamerica in the 15th century
the social system they had
in their monarchy was
a social hierarchy
and they had different
social classes for their people
and the Aztec empire was very important for Mesoamerica because
they were a tribe of intelligent people with different systems for their calendars
number systems
and for their language
their language was Nahuatl like many
of the other tribes
of those times and also
the Nahuatl language and culture if different between the different tribes, like how the Aztecs are different from the Mayas and the Olmecs
they also had what was called a Triple Alliance
it was how their empire was structured and how they were joined by two other tribes
and they also had a sport that was similar to
soccer that is played in Latin America and across the world
i will talk about the Mayas
like ancient Greece
the Mayan civilization was a collective of city states
with time the cities
controlled
the area around the city
also when the city state became to powerful
other cities would fight them
there were alliances
and wars but
each would exchange between each other
and would share a common culture
the ancient Mayas made
great advances in mathematics and astronomy
their knowledge of both
helped them create the Mayan calendar
their knowledge of the stars
helped them make predictions
as to what might happen in the future
with this they were able to predict
when things would occur
and set up ceremonies
to appease the gods
and evade the disasters
question 2 is explain in depth the relationship between the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Latin American independences
the thinkers of the Enlightenment
believed that they can help create
better societies and better people
there belief was seen reinforced
by some better changes in the economy and society
the three central ideas of the Enlightenment
were reason, science and progress
reason said that natural science
could be used to examine
and comprehend
all aspects of life. Everything
was subjected to rationalism
the scientific metaphor
was headed by discovering the laws of human society and of nature
Progress was centered in
creating better societies and
better people along with rationalism
the people
during the Enlightenment began to question
traditional authority
and the government institutions
Simon Bolivar was a Spanish criollo
that was born to a Venezuelan family
he was
influenced by his tutor Simon Rodriguez
who taught him
the ideas of the Enlightenment
he read the works of Voltaire
Russo, Locke and many others
he also studied the American and French Revolutions
he was nicknamed the Liberator
because of the role he played
to assure the independence of Venezuela
Colombia,Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
many of the things he used
were ways he thought a government
would be able to function perfectly
Bolivar and Jose De San Martin
are best know as
two of the leaders
in the movement of independence
of Latin America
The Enlightenment brought many things to
the Latin American countries
like there were many schools and colleges
libraries
among many other things
education became very important
for many of
that lived in the Latin American countries
another thing is that the
Enlightenment
brought is that man is
free, this is very important
for it
and for the independence of the those countries
and also
the American revolution
and the French revolution
had great impact
toward the independence of countries like Haiti
and Mexico
Venezuela
Colombia, Costa Rica, Brazil
and among many others
The Enlightenment was a period
in which a great emphasis
was placed in science and reason and a little
bit toward religion as well, the movement was
was place by the ideas of French thinkers
and the works of Issac Newton
one of the early ideas
was free commerce
this beginning along side the independence
of the US colonies
served to inspire
Latin America to gain its independence
as well and because of that
all of the countries were able to gain independence
from Spain before the end of the
19th century
The final question is, Discuss the differences between the projects for independence and the projects of society that they founded and developed in Latin America and in the United States after the independencies.
first the independence of the
US colonies
in 1776
following there revolutionary war
against England
with the formation of a new constitution
Served as inspiration
for many Latin American countries
Under Father MIguel Hidalgo
Mexico tried to
gain independence from Spain
for the first time in
1810
but only years later did that happen
in South America
Simon Bolivar was
the person who was able
gain forces for the revolution
in Latin America
and because of him
Bolivia gained its name
following the independence
many changes
happened in the region
slavery was
abolished in all the countries
when Brazil
became the last country to do so
in the year 1888
the US colonies began to become states
and grow to the west
marking the start of
of the Manifest Destiny
the project with an objective
to conquer or obtain
the land to the west of
the new and first states
like
the lands
that were bought off
of France in the mid-west
in the 19th century the war between the US and
Mexico
lead to land being gained to the northeast of Mexico
mean while the war between the US and Spain
lead to
the US obtaining Puerto Rico
In South America their were wars as well
mainly
the war in between Peru, Bolivia and Chile
in the Atacama and the coast
also resulted in the transfer of more land
in the coast near Chile
but they lost the land near the coast of Bolivia
even today Bolivia
is still not happy with the effects of this war
Also Argentina and Chile also fought for
a small island
in what is know as the Land of Fire
it was important for the boat routes
wars were contested
by eight small islands
like the Falkland islands
that was controlled by England
For more infomation >> CHELSEA ATLETICO MADRID/ Streaming video e diretta tv - Duration: 7:11. 
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