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Ancient China video sneak peek, Xia Dynasty - Duration: 20:03.
Welcome to EdYouToo.
(Theme music)
China, it's big and it lasted a long time, but we've put all of it into one video.
Nope, no, we haven't, that would not be right.
This video will cover about the same amount of time as Ancient Egypt, so it's a long amount
of time, but still ancient history.
The geography of China had a lot of influence on its history and culture.
Flights to China from the outside world were really hard to get back then.
Really, really, hard, since airplanes were not invented for a few thousand years after
the time we're talking about.
The Yangtze River and the Huang He River or the Yellow River were the rivers in China
that fostered early civilizations.
To the north and west of those river valleys there are the gigantic deserts, and to the
south, the Himalayan mountains.
And of course, to the East is the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world.
So, getting to and from China during ancient times from the West was extremely difficult
and often deadly which isolated these civilizations from others' influence, trade and sometimes
invasions, for thousands of years.
The period of Chinese history this chapter will focus is the bronze age until the Han
Dynasty, so over 2000 years.
The Yellow River was not an easy place for early people to live.
While the river's water was essential for crops and survival, it also brought destruction
and sorrow with terrible floods.
These floods were unpredictable and sometimes made worse by early solutions to contain the river.
The thing about floods though, is that they are far too large for anyone to fight alone.
So, the river created a problem that needed people to work together or, dragons!
Okay, before we get to the dragons, we should back up a bit.
Like other civilizations, people began faming by the rivers, mostly growing millet near
the Yellow River in the north, and mostly millet near the Yangtze River in the south.
The copper, tin and bronze ages of prehistory occurred and during the bronze age, dynasties
began to govern the people.
A dynasty is a period of time where a family has the ruling power, often for many generations,
and in China the ruling dynasty was believed to have the mandate of heaven.
The mandate of heaven was the idea that the dynasty in power was meant to be in power,
as if a divine force decided it.
When a dynasty lost power, it was believed that they lost the mandate of heaven, and
the new rulers earned it.
Basically, it's the idea that whoever is in charge is supposed to be in charge, because
they're in charge.
The first dynasty, the Xia, is largely considered to be a myth by historians.
Stories of the Xia are mostly about its most famous leader, Yu the Engineer.
Yu wasn't the typical engineer that sat at a drawing board measuring, calculating, and
making models, Yu was a bit more... hands-on?
Stories of Yu include him teaming up with mer-men river spirits, turning into a bear,
taming and defeating monsters... one with nine heads, almost never seeing his wife (okay,
some engineers probably do that) and subcontracting dragons to redirect the river and flood waters.
Anyone that's ever worked with dragons can tell you, they never make more coffee in the
break room, they're always giving spoilers at the water cooler and they're just terrible
with paperwork.
Now stories of mythical origins of ancient cities are very common, stories of gods, and
creatures and god-creatures founding cities and civilizations are found throughout the
world.
So, while the stories of the Xia may not be entirely factual, it's still a bit of a historical
mystery.
The Shang Dynasty began around 1600 BCE and is studied from the earliest known Chinese
script on oracle bones.
Oracle bones were animal bones that had writing carved into them.
They were put into a fire, and would crack and allowing smoke to get into the cracks,
turning the crack lines dark.
Kings would try and predict the future by looking at where the cracks were in relation
to the writing on the bones.
These bones are also able to survive for thousands of years, so they were very important to finding
out about early Chinese history.
The Shang dynasty, like all dynasties, wanted to keep power in their family.
The three biggest threats to their power were invasions from so-called "barbarians"
outside their kingdom, someone inside their kingdom becoming powerful and influential
enough to gain the mandate of heaven and unrest among the people causing them to lose power.
Remember, there are a lot more people than the ruling family, and floods, famine and
general unhappiness sometimes cause them to reject their leader, and in some cases even
try to kill them.
The Shang were often defending themselves against invasions from the north, those living
outside the capital, Yin, in modern Henan, were expected to be ready to fight at a moment's
notice.
Leaders of these towns kept an armory of bronze weapons and lead their people to fight, even
the kings themselves would lead the people into battle to defend their lands.
In the end, it was another family in China that ruled over other land, the Zhou that
conquered the land, ending the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BCE.
The Zhou dynasty was the longest lasting dynasty and expanded its borders further thanks to
their development of a better system of canals and roads, creation of a universal spoken
language we now call, "Old Chinese," and also developed iron age technology for farming
and weapons.
Some of the most famous ancient Chinese thinkers also were from the Zhou dynasty, both Confucius
and Laozi were born then, but we'll talk about them a little later.
Rulers in the Zhou Dynasty developed a feudal system to govern people and establish the
social hierarchy.
The feudal system is similar to a system that comes much later in Europe, with a few key
differences.
While male relatives of the king could become a king, other leadership roles were assigned
by the king, and were often not relatives of the king, when people were given roles
in government, those roles were not passed down to other relatives.
Each state was ruled by a lord, appointed by the king had its own tax and legal systems
and even currencies.
The noble class was required to pay the king and to provide soldiers when needed.
This made the nobles more powerful and weakened Zhou kings' power, leading to the end of the
Zhou dynasty in 256 BCE, the Warring States period had already begun.
The Warring States began in the Zhou Dynasty, as the lords of territories decided that they
were kings of the land they ruled.
The Zhou's military power was too weak to stop this so China split into seven states
with seven leaders, each wanting to rule all of China.
These kings put a great deal of resources into waging wars upon the other states, so
not a lot else was achieved during this time period from 475 to 221 BCE.
In the end of the Warring States, the Qin, namely Qin Shi Huang, that ruled the southwestern
Qin state won and reunited China.
Qin Shi Huang declared that he was not just a king, but emperor of China, a title that
lasted thousands of years, he got rid of feudalism and appointed leaders that would only have
power for a few years.
The Qin was one of the shortest dynasties in Chinese history, but it had a very large
influence on the future.
The Great Wall of China began construction during this time and a Terracotta Army was
built and buried with Qin.
We don't even know exactly how big this army is, because it's so large people are still
finding more of it.
So far more than 8,000 soldiers, and 700 horses have been found, these were buried with the
Emperor to protect him in the afterlife.
You might guess that a man that needed this much protection from others even after death
wasn't well-liked, and you'd be correct.
The Qin standardized a system of writing, currency, weights, measures, and enforced
it quite harshly.
Anyone that has learned to write Chinese will tell you, it is not easy.
Those that threatened the power of Qin was executed, many books were burned and owning
or discussing a book that was banned was either executed along with their families or sent
to build the Great Wall of China.
Nearly one million people built the Great Wall, and most of them died from building
it.
Many people were very upset under Qin rule, and as anger grew parts declared themselves
independent from the empire.
After Qin Shi Huang died, his nephew inherited power and was quickly overthrown in 206 BCE.
Next was the Han Dynasty, considered by many to be a golden age in China.
The Han name came from the territory its emperor came from, and even today China's largest
ethnic group are called Han after this dynasty.
There are actually 56 different ethnic groups in China today!
Much of what we know about the early Han Dynasty and the preceding times is thanks to the father
of China's History, Sima Qian.
Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, was also a historian, but back then historians weren't writing history
on their own, they worked for the emperor, practiced astrology and set the calendar for
the kingdom, looking for the best or luckiest days to have important events.
Qian grew up in the Taoist tradition, and was very interested in reading at a young
age.
As a young adult, he studied and memorized all the writings of Confucius as all palace
historians did.
This job was considered just okay as far as working for the emperor goes, and being employed
directly by the emperor to write about the emperor meant that these historians tended
to write very nice things about their bosses.
On the positive side, both father and son traveled all over the country to accompany
the emperor documenting his life.
Qian began to interview the oldest people he found, asking about the past and writing
stories about the past from them and included not just the stories of the rulers and the
ruling class, but also recorded stories of regular people's lives, which weren't always
a good reflection of those in power.
These were some long stories, as his writings have 130 chapters and half a million characters,
it hasn't even all been translated into English yet.
His work did get him into trouble, as he wrote about some of the... less than good things
some people in power did.
Even though Qian studied and greatly admired Confucius, some followers of Confucianism
considered his work in conflict with its ideas and were critical of his family's Taoist background.
Most of the time, Confucianism, Daoism and also Buddhism coexist in China with many people
following more than one, but there are times they come into conflict.
Since Confucianism and Daoism both began in China let's take a look at them.
Confucianism was founded by Confucius, who lived during the Warring States period and
Daoism was founded by Laozi, who was also alive around that time.
Confucius' teachings were written down by his students as The Analects, which were mostly
concerned about order and peace in society, which there was not a lot of during Warring
States Period he lived in.
If you've eaten enough fortune cookies, you've probably heard of Confucius, as they often
have quotes of him like, "He who knows all the answers has not been asked all the questions."
But, fortune cookies aren't really a thing in China and there's a lot a cookie can't
explain.
Studying, reading and rituals were all important to Confucius, and he believed that leaders
should educate their people and that learning was important for people to become better.
The words for Confucianism and for being educated or a scholar are similar in Chinese language.
Confucius was interested in defining morality and encouraged people to have "virtue"
or to behave well, and wrote a lot about how a person's status and relationships determines
how they should behave with each other.
Confucius believed that if leaders are good leaders, citizens are good citizens, teachers
are good teachers, students are good students and if parents are good parents and children
are good children, society will be orderly and peaceful.
While everyone was encouraged to be good, citizens, students and especially children
are always responsible for respecting the authority of others, even if those with authority
are not being so good.
The picture has all boys and men, because what Confucius discussed was mostly about
them.
Laozi lived during the same Warring States Period and focused more on finding peace within
ones own self and wrote the Dao De Jing after studying many other texts.
Dao means, "the way," and followers are encouraged to focus on simplicity, compassion
and following nature, or we can say to go with the natural "flow," like nature does
and meditation is also thought to be helpful.
"Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished."
Laozi wrote.
Laozi discussed water often, using its properties as examples on how to behave.
Muddy water becomes clear when it is still, water moves around obstacles yet after thousands
of years it can form canyons and it nourishes things just by being itself.
A lot of the language of the Dao De Jing is almost like poetry that describes nature and
people, it is up to the reader to find their own way when studying it.
So, Confucius was more concerned with society, and Daoism more focused on the self, women
also were able to hold important positions in religious ceremonies in Daosim, unlike
Confucianism.
Both religions focus on people being humble, and neither one has a concept of a personal
God, instead focusing upon one's current life and actions.
Many people today follow both religions and leave offerings to their ancestors in the
religious traditions of both Daoism and Confucianism.
Early China was very isolated from other civilizations and needed to organize people and work together
to deal with unpredictable floods of the Yellow River.
Dynasties were families that ruled during periods of time, and believed they had the
mandate of heaven, and they sometimes asked oracle bones about the future of their dynasties.
Sima Qian was China's first historian to write about the Shang, Zhou and Han Dynasties, and
Confucius and Laozi spread their ideas about creating a better society and self.
Since we're not cramming all of China into one video, we're going to talk more about
the the Han Dynasty and more in our next China video.
So, remember kids, keep a safe distance from any dragons you may see, even the helpful
ones.
Bye for now, thanks for joining us.
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