this is the story of the 80 days that
preceded the launching of the IgY
satellite 1958 alpha designate explorer
the free worlds first Earth satellite
was designed and placed in orbit through
the efforts of the united states army
ballistic missile agency and the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory California
Institute of Technology the secretary of
defense announced this morning that the
Army is to participate in the
international geophysical year satellite
program the others to use a jupiter-c
muscle to place a satellite in orbit
around the Earth the jupiter-c which
consists of a liquid propellant using
the Redstone propulsion system the Army
is requesting the jet propulsion
laboratory to provide the following
programs
first the additional high speed
propulsion systems required second the
orbiting missile our satellite and third
the necessary instrumentation to record
and transmit a scientific data assigned
to this experiment doctor picking I
think now we prior to the announcement
by the Secretary of events the
feasibility of an army launched
satellite had been investigated by major
general medeiros commanding general of
the army ballistic missile agency and
dr. Wernher von Braun director of a BMA
development operations
in consultation with jet propulsion
laboratory scientists it had been
determined that the Jupiter see missile
was capable of placing a substantial
payload in orbit around the earth
following the announcement by the
Secretary of Defense numerous planning
conferences were held in washington DC
huntsville alabama and pasadena
california on X minus 75 days
dr. wh pickering director of the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory made a short
announcement the scientific experiments
will be selected from those originally
planned as a part of the u.s. rgy
satellite program the jet propulsion
laboratory has been assigned the
responsibility by the US National
Committee of the IgY and by the army to
complete the design and construction of
these experiments in a suitable form for
the army rocket as early as September
1956 the army and cooperation with JPL
had successfully flight tested the first
jupiter-c
the point of impact was more than 3,000
miles from the launching site and a
predetermined spot off the coast of
Africa the purpose of the first test was
to check the propulsion systems of the
various stages the problems of
separation and ignition and to
demonstrate a new radio receiving
technique called Microlock in subsequent
tests the Jupiter see successfully
accomplished the task for which had been
developed to test the effects of
aerodynamic heating on the nose cone
designed for the Army's Jupiter
intermediate-range ballistic missile
the high-speed assembly will be made up
of clusters of solid propellant motors
like those that were developed for the
earlier jupiter-c missiles a single
rocket to which we will add a
cylindrical section to contain
instrumentation and a nose cone this
will be the final stage it will be
placed into an orbit and become our
satellite when the high-speed stages are
fully assembled it will look something
like this model at the army ballistic
missile agency teams of scientists and
military personnel began the task of
making final design changes required in
the first stage rocket these changes
involved use of different fuels a
different guidance and control system
and design and the testing of a
rotational launcher for the JPL upper
stages the army called on rocket 94 the
liquid-propellant mother which is a
modified redstone motor and on Chrysler
and the board instrument company for
other components
and the army ballistic missile agency
full-scale static water tests were
conducted at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory the housing for the payload
was being fabricated meanwhile a cooper
Development Corporation and JPL were
fabricating and loading the rocket
motors of the high-speed assembly
the metal cylinder was constructed to
contain two transmitters their battery
power supplies and all the
instrumentation needed to obtain and
transmit data on cosmic rays meteorite
erosion and temperature measurements of
both the interior of the payload and its
outer surface
in a machine shop at JPL the finishing
touches were applied to the rocket motor
case of the satellite itself
the structure that supports the last
stage rocket was also precisely machine
then the rocket motor case and it's
supporting structure were assembled and
checked for alignment to ensure the
successful launching of the last state
the voice of 1958 alpha is this tiny
transmitter or more correctly both of
these transmitters this is the high
power transmitter that radiates 60
milliwatts of power and will operate for
about two weeks it will tell us the
temperature of the outer surface of the
payload and its own operating
temperature it will also relay
information from an impact microphone
that measures the frequency of
collisions with small meteorites in
addition it will transmit cosmic-ray
measurements both transmitters operate
continuously throughout the orbit and
each will carry four simultaneous
channels of telling me turning the
expected lifespan of this unit is about
two months so when are high power
transmitters batteries are exhausted
this low power unit will continue to
operate for another six weeks
amateur radio operators will be able to
pick up the signals from the high power
unit the transmissions from the low
power transmitter which radiates only
about ten milliwatts can only be
received by very sensitive equipment
such as minute track or Microlock the
radio receiving equipment for satellite
tracking and telemetered his house and
enclosures light enough to be
transported by helicopter
some of the special equipment and these
enclosures was built by the radio for
incorporation of Monrovia California
these and similar stations located
around the world were designed to
receive radio signals from both
satellite transmitters this receiver
system was created specifically to
function with extremely low power
transmitters the cosmic-ray experiment
which was first proposed and developed
by dr. James a van allen at the State
University of Iowa was combined with the
transmitters and making up the payload
this is sound which is the actual
payload for the satellite contains both
transmitters necessary surface for the
impact microphone which will detect
collisions with meteorite particles and
a Geiger counter to measure cosmic ray
intensity the measurement of cosmic ray
intensity outside the Earth's atmosphere
should assist us in determining what
cosmic rays are and where they come from
the study of emotion of cosmic rays will
also tell us more about the Earth's
magnetic field the Geiger counter
package with its associated circuitry
looks like this
this too is basically no different than
the kind of girl counter might use to
locate ready working for the cosmic-ray
experiment was originated and designed
at the State University of Iowa and the
micrometeorite experiment was developed
by the Air Force cambridge Research
Center the assembled Explorer satellite
appears small yet its single motor
develops as much power as five diesel
locomotives
seven and one-half minutes from the time
of the Jupiter see liftoff this
satellite travels through space at a
little over 18,000 miles per hour the
two transmitters we viewed earlier are
contained in the stripe cylindrical
section just after the nose called the
amount and thickness of the ceramic
striping is calculated to control the
average temperature of the instruments
within this compartment for flexible
wires comprise the antenna used by the
high power transmitter in flight the
satellite spins at more than 700
revolutions per minute in order to
maintain directional stability the wires
are then extended by centrifugal force
acting on a small steel ball at the end
of each wire the spinning requirement
imposed some added restrictions on the
design assembly and fabrication of each
component in the entire high-speed
assembly not only the transmitters and
the instrumentation but the rocket
motors as well were tested for their
ability to perform in this environment
centrifugal force might affect the
structure of the solid propellant and
thus affect the performance of the
motors a critical factor in the
carefully planned sequence of events so
essential to the successful performance
of a multi-stage satellite launcher
the tremendous acceleration and the high
vibration levels within the Jupiter
docket dictated that each component B
ruggedly built and carefully tested the
transmitters were subjected to a
simulated missile and violent on a shake
stand in a laboratory the frequency and
intensity of motion was based on
conditions known to exist during flight
signals from the transmitter were
recorded and checked for any deviation
or failure due to vibration the weeks of
painstaking testing checkout rework and
final assembly of the many intricate
parts of the satellite instrumentation
radio equipment the Rockets of
high-speed cluster and their delicate
ignition mechanisms was over now these
units could be joined with the first
stage rocket at the launching site for a
final check of the complete system
at the army ballistic missile agency the
work of fabricating and checking the
first stage rocket had been completed
the necessary modifications have been
made to the launching vehicle and the
huge rocket began its journey from a BMA
to the launching site while the first
date was in transit preparations were
made at Cape Canaveral to receive
components of the Jupiter see and start
immediately the work of final assembly
and testing scientists and equipment had
already arrived in the Assembly of the
high-speed stages was begun
but the installation of the payload in
the final stage rocket the high-speed
assembly was a complete unit the final
balancing tests were made to ensure the
successful operation of the components
during flight this assembly is spinning
faster than the wheels of a racing car
with the arrival of the first stage
rocket from the army ballistic missile
agency the Jupiter see began to take
form
in the assembly building the balancing
operation had been completed the top
that contains the high-speed stages was
given a dress coat of paint now the
cluster was ready to be joined with the
first stage rocket
on the 80th day explorer was ready for
launching but at X minus 10 hours it was
reluctantly decided that because of
Hurricane velocity winds at high
altitudes it would be inadvisable to
fire a 24-hour hold was called on
january thirtieth it appeared that the
weather might improve the odds were not
good but the countdown was continued to
X minus two hours a second time the
order came from general medeiros hold 24
hours for weather
due to other range schedules launching
had to be accomplished on the following
day january thirty first or the firing
would be delayed for a week by noon when
the velocities had reduced to 160 miles
per hour
there was evidence that the weather
might continue to improve accordingly
final adjustments and checks were made
of wiring circuits and instrumentation
the batteries that energize the igniters
of the high-speed rockets were installed
and checked the transmitters were tested
during the final hours of daylight the
fuel that powers the first stage was
pumped into the big rocket in the past
six hours hundreds of detailed
operations have been performed the
igniters that will fire the high-speed
stages have been brought from the
storage area and connected
about 10 minutes ago it was decided that
weather would definitely permit the
firing and the liquid oxygen loading was
begun this is right mark x minus 70 mark
x minus 75 minutes men are moving out of
platforms one and two and a few minutes
service platform 3 will be evacuated and
the gantry will be moved back from the
launching pad the propellant loading has
been completed but it will be necessary
to top off liquid oxygen overflow taking
readings before and after topping
attention all personnel please clear the
launching area for radio frequency
interference tests
please clear the launching area
this is range command transmitter on
frequency measures 2.5 low calibrator go
back upon a traitor all this project
demand the time is now X minus 33
minutes
authorized personnel working that reason
work hole for transmission this project
my part x150 mark x150 all personnel
clear the washing area all clear the
area
the signal is to point my AC low channel
one is now reset channel is reset
channel 3 is reset the figure-four
channel 1430 channel for reset channel
by this project to land the times X
minus 13 minutes start vibration records
plus to run up the cluster is starting
its pen transmission of all payload
electronics components is now being
monitored
project for after the firing signal is
given it will take almost 16 seconds for
the vehicle to take off pressurization
will be started at X plus 3 seconds at X
plus 14 seconds ignition will begin rust
buildup will continue until liftoff and
about X plus 16 seconds
this is Project my command line of one
with ma x11 firing angle on piercing
firing x minus three cycles safety
certificate recordings on silent x10 9a
seven six five four three two one zero
pressure relation start x plus 9
well
it's now a matter of history that five
seconds past and 55 p.m. on january
thirty first nineteen fifty-eight
satellite explorer was placed in order
this achievement is other step forward
and man's drive to better understand the
world and universe in which he lives we
are no longer bound soon we will begin
to explore the solar system far beyond
the boundaries of our tiny work in the
years to come
man will continue to use rocket vehicles
like jupiter-c to expand the frontiers
of knowledge
I history but the only person around it
doesn't have TV coverage of the face it
man you got the black up now you're
gonna be the one getting a TV picture
now they'll yes we are getting
baby pictures
one all
great
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