so having talked a bit about how we might define a research infrastructure I
now want to step back a little bit and give you some of the history and some of
the sort of the theoretical underpinnings to my understanding into
what I would see as a general understanding of what research
infrastructure is in the modern era so before we can get to the modern era
though we have to look at where this whole idea comes from and it's a it's a
very interesting idea that comes across in this particular ESF report because
they actually look at research infrastructure as not something that
came up specifically in the sciences but actually if you trace it all the way
back if you want to find the beginning of the
idea of a research infrastructure or knowledge infrastructure you're really
going back to the Museum and the Library of Alexandria so you're talking
about something that actually is coming from the ownership of the humanities
originally but of course time has moved on and the needs for research
infrastructure have changed very much over the years and in particular in the
time after the Second World War when we saw a technologization of research but
there's also again a slightly smaller time horizon that is invoked in
this idea of the law now of research infrastructure and so for these writers
it doesn't go all the way back to the Library of Alexandria but they see it as
actually going back about 200 years and that 200 year time span is based on an
understanding that there was two things that caused a need for research
infrastructure one of which is the exponential increase in information
gathering activities by the states so this kind of creation of official
archives and statistics at a more massive scale than had been done before
but also the idea that the the knowledge workers were there and that there was an
accompanying development of technologies and organizational practices
they were able to sift and store all this information so that there really
was both the information and the ability to deal with the information and those
two things started about two centuries ago. But if we want to look at what we deal
with in Europe as a kind of a modern context for the
development of research infrastructures then we really need to go back about 10
years now to the year 2006 because for me 2006 was a big turning point we saw
two major publications released in 2006 one in Europe and one in the US and
those mark I think the beginning of our current understanding of research
infrastructure. So in Europe we had the publication of the SP roadmap now this
road map was created at a European level to describe the scientific needs for
research infrastructures for the next 10 to 20 years and I should say that this
has been updated and extended in its time horizon and what the European
Commission wanted to do with this roadmap this European strategy forum on
research infrastructures, is they wanted to say well research infrastructures are
big they're important and they're best used as a shared resource so to try and
really bring that together at a pan-european level and to coordinate
investment was going to bring great value for researchers across
Europe so this was the the European vision and there were a number of
different entries onto this roadmap in 2006 including what we now know of as
the digital arts and humanities research infrastructure or DARIA and also the
research infrastructure for linguistics and language resources which is known as
CLARIN there was another entry on that roadmap at the time which was a European
research Observatory in the humanities that was actually never realised which
is an interesting question to discuss afterwards if we so choose but the other
thing that happened the other publication that appeared in 2006 was
the the report in the US called our country cultural Commonwealth lead
author of this was a man named John Unsworth now this was itself a reaction
to another report which is commonly known as the Atkins report now the
Atkins report was looking at research infrastructure across all the
disciplines across all the sciences across all the areas whereas our
cultural Commonwealth was intended to actually bring out the specific needs of
the arts and humanities of the kind of the cultural side of research
so that was something that really kind of took the discourse out of that
scientific mode and actually bedded it into that culture need and what's really
interesting about this I find is that if you look at some of the things that were
actually going on in our cultural Commonwealth you'll see that many of the
things that Unsworth was calling for at that time are things that we have yet to
actually deliver on -- that we have yet to actually achieve but that we can
evermore recognize as important for the delivery of research infrastructure so
he was calling for investment he was calling for public and institutional
policies to foster openness and access of course we live in the age when open
access and open research data are becoming ever more important both to the
funders but also to the scientists themselves to cultivate leadership to
build human capital I suppose would be another way to say it
to encourage digital scholarship I think that's something that has been happening
incrementally but also to establish national centers to support scholarship
of course this is something that you could really see those European research
infrastructures as doing and also to create extensive and reusable digital
collections and this is something we are still struggling with so many of the
things that this report which no matter how old it is is really still very much
at the at the cusp of what research infrastructure needs to do for the
humanities have not been delivered yet and they still provide us with a very
good road map pointing forward but of course a series of actions doesn't
necessarily give us what we need in order to actually be able to deliver we
also need some basic understanding, and I've already mentioned this particular quote
the idea that a research infrastructure gets you below the level of the work
because this is something that from my point of view you really need to
understand that you're not creating a tool or something that's going to be
time limited it's something that actually is going to have a very broad
applicability and that will be very easy for many different kinds of scholars to
use in their work. Another thing that we need to bear in mind as we're
taking this kind of theoretical approach to well okay if we need to deliver on
these various actions to create an infrastructure what
else do we need to be wary of what we need to be mindful of as we do that
there's also the question of what's the role of the digital library in all of this and
that's one thing that we're seeing and I'll be speaking more about the
relationship between research infrastructures as we know them in the
European kind of research infrastructure context and the relationship to digital
libraries digital archives in one of the later sessions but the thing to remember
is that digital libraries are meant to do the same things that libraries do
only for digital objects whereas research infrastructures take much more
of a user driven a methodological approach and whereas these would have
had lots of pressure to be drawn together in earlier phases of our kind of
development as a research culture now there's much less of that gravity to
hold them together so what's happening is for example digital libraries are
struggling to a certain extent to maintain what's produced by scholars if
a scholar produces a website if a scholar is producing epubs or anything
like that, we're moving from that that kind of shelves mentality to a racks mentality to
the idea that there's a data side of things in many institutions we've seen a
coming together of the digital library or even the library services and the IT
support services and that is a recognition of this but it's by no means
happening everywhere now we also see that the digital library is struggling
to a certain extent to enable new methodologies
we're moving for a reading paradigm to potentially a distant reading paradigm
and from maybe a history paradigm to a transnational history paradigm um many
of the research libraries that I would know in the research archives I would
know are incentivized to be a national institution or a regional institution
and the idea that you have users coming in trying to do transnational history to
try to what to bring their collections together with those of other similar
organizations this becomes very difficult for those institutions to
necessarily deliver on um they also find it difficult to be open again for some
of these same reasons how are they incentivized to serve users somewhere
else in the globe not the taxpayers that might be paying to support the National institutions and how do they develop the kind of skills and the kind of
the kind of skills and the kind of mentality to understand that their own little silo is actually not going to be
the thing that the user might want that the user may want to bring some of their
stuff together with some resources from somewhere else and maybe a database
created by themselves and something from another place entirely all of these
things in different formats this is what we call the data soup mentality so how
do we make it so that this data soup can be can be productive can be delivered by
the the traditional institutions and then finally there's this question of
the upfront investment mentality the idea that every object in a collection
should be recorded but as the the difficulties continue to compound with
different kinds of formats and an increasing level of things being brought
into the digital library this is more and more of a of a challenge for them so this brings me just to a quick look at a research infrastructure project I
know very well this is the actually the the data architecture of CENDARI
infrastructure so the collaborative European digital archival research
infrastructure and I just want to show this to you because I think in some ways
the directions where the research infrastructure is moving are quite
interesting and we see this as a very similar kind of architecture being
proposed for the European science open cloud which is going to be a major
resource for the sharing of research data but what you notice when you look
at this picture is that you have a number of objects and things at the top
which are the presentation layer and that presentation layer consists of the
kinds of tools and environments where the researchers will use the
assets or will manipulate them interrogate them curate them do whatever
they need to do to create knowledge and then coming in from the bottom we have
the the various data sources coming in and in that that sort of set of
acronyms which I'm not going to break down for you because it would take far
too long and perhaps not be very interesting but there is an internal
repository for data items there is a triple store which has these kind of
linked data assets that are used to enhance the data that's
there there is input from a meta search engine developed specifically for
medievalists and then what you have in the middle and this is the most
important thing about this is that brown line that goes all the way across and
that's the API so essentially what you have is you have a very large number of
data sources coming up to the bottom you have a very large number of environments
and tools you can use to work with those resources coming from the top and then
in the middle you have just one thin layer that makes it all possible so this
kind of hourglass shape I think that's what we're going to see more and more
coming in to the development of research infrastructures as we accept the fact
that people are going to want to work with different kinds of data and they're
going to need to to deliver the kind of research they want to do and they're
going to want to use different kind of tools and they're gonna need to to
do the kind of research they want to do and then in the middle you need
something to make everything talk to each other and that's really the model I
would see for research infrastructure that would be quite different from a
digital library so we'll come back to some of these issues in later sessions
especially the relationship between the infrastructures and the libraries but
we'll hold here for now
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